How To Know If Your Skin Will Sag After Weight Loss

• What Is It?
  • Obesity and overweight facts
  • What is obesity and overweight?
  • How common is obesity?
• Causes
  • 9 virtually common causes of obesity
• Risk Factors
  • What are the health risks associated with obesity?
  • What are other factors associated with obesity?
• Body Fat
  • How is body fat measured?
• Weight-for-Height Tables
  • Are weight-for-acme tables useful to determine obesity?
• BMI Adding & Chart
  • What is body mass index (BMI)?
• Body Shape
  • Does information technology matter where torso fat is located? (Is it worse to be an "apple tree" or a"pear"?)
• Treatment
  • What can exist washed well-nigh obesity?
• Practise
  • What is the function of physical activity and exercise in obesity?
• Diet
  • What is the role of nutrition in the handling of obesity?
• Medication
  • What is the role of medication in the treatment of obesity?
  • Are meal substitutes, artificial sweeteners, and over-the-counter (OTC) products effective in treating obesity?
  • Is there an herbal fen/phen grooming?
• Weight Loss Surgery
  • What is the role of weight loss surgery in the treatment of obesity?
• Weight Loss Program
  • How can people cull a prophylactic and successful weight-loss plan?
• Center
  • Obesity and Overweight Center
• Comments
  • Patient Comments: Obesity - Effective Treatments
  • Patient Comments: Obesity - Are You Obese?
• More
  • Metabolism FAQs
  • Find a local Internist in your town

Obesity and overweight facts

Obesity is defined as having excess body fat, or a BMI over thirty

• Obesity is defined as having excess body fat. Adults 35 years of age and older with a BMI greater than xxx are obese.
• Obesity is non just a cosmetic concern. Information technology is a chronic medical illness that can lead to diabetes, high claret force per unit area, obesity-associated cardiovascular diseases such as centre disease, gallstones, and other chronic illnesses.
• Obesity is a risk factor for a number of cancers.
• Obesity is difficult to treat and has a high relapse charge per unit. Most people who lose weight regain the weight within v years.
• Even though medications and diets can help, the treatment of obesity cannot be a curt-term "set" but has to be a lifelong commitment to proper diet habits, increased physical activity, and regular do.
• The goal of handling should be to attain and maintain a "healthier weight," non necessarily an platonic weight.
• Fifty-fifty a pocket-sized weight loss of 5%-x% of initial weight and the long-term maintenance of that weight loss can bring significant health benefits past lowering blood pressure and lowering the risks of diabetes and heart illness.
• The chances of long-term successful weight loss are enhanced if the doctor works with a team of professionals, including dietitians, psychologists, and do professionals.

What is obesity and overweight?

The definition of obesity varies depending on what one reads. In general, overweight and obesity indicate a weight greater than what is good for you. Obesity is a chronic status defined by an excess amount of body fat. A certain amount of body fatty is necessary for storing energy, estrus insulation, shock assimilation, and other functions.

Body mass alphabetize (BMI) is the best parameter for defining obesity, adamant by a person's peak and weight. BMI equals a person'due south weight in kilograms (kg) divided by their height in meters (thousand) squared (more data volition exist found later in the article). Since BMI describes body weight relative to height, there is a strong correlation with total body fat content in adults:

• Normal:BMI of 18.five-24.ix
• Overweight: BMI of 25-29.9
• Obese: BMI over xxx
• Morbidly obese: BMI over 40

How common is obesity?

• Readers Comments 4
• Share Your Story

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the The states. Over ii-thirds of adults are overweight or obese, and ane in three Americans is obese. The prevalence of obesity in children has increased markedly. Obesity has likewise been increasing rapidly throughout the world, and the incidence of obesity nearly doubled from 1991 to 1998. In 2015, nearly 40% of adults were obese in the U.South.

Weight Gain, Obesity & Cancer Risk

Excess weight is a known take a chance cistron for many chronic diseases, such as diabetes and center disease. Obesity can also be linked an increased risk for developing some cancers. To clarify the furnishings of weight gain on cancer risk, researchers in 2007 conducted an assay of many studies reported in medical journals that describe 282,137 cases of cancer. The researchers wanted to run into if weight gain had an event on the risk for sure cancer types.

9 most common causes of obesity

The balance between calorie intake and energy expenditure determines a person's weight. If a person eats more calories than he or she burns (metabolizes), the person gains weight since the body will store the backlog free energy every bit fat. If a person eats fewer calories than he or she metabolizes, he or she will lose weight. Therefore, the most common causes of obesity are overeating and physical inactivity.

Ultimately, body weight is the effect of genetics, metabolism, environment, behavior, and culture:

1. Genetics. A person is more likely to develop obesity if 1 or both parents are obese. Genetics too affect hormones involved in fatty regulation. For example, 1 genetic cause of obesity is leptin deficiency. Leptin is a hormone produced in fat cells and in the placenta. Leptin controls weight by signaling the encephalon to swallow less when body fat stores are too loftier. If, for some reason, the torso cannot produce enough leptin or leptin cannot indicate the brain to consume less, this control is lost, and obesity occurs. The part of leptin replacement equally a treatment for obesity is nether exploration.
2. Physical inactivity. Sedentary people fire fewer calories than people who are active. The National Health and Diet Exam Survey (NHANES) shows strong correlations between physical inactivity and weight proceeds in both sexes.
3. Diet high in elementary carbohydrates. The function of carbohydrates in weight gain is non clear. Carbohydrates increment claret glucose levels, which in turn stimulate insulin release by the pancreas, and insulin promotes the growth of fat tissue and can cause weight proceeds. Some scientists believe that simple carbohydrates (sugars, fructose, desserts, soft drinks, beer, vino, etc.) contribute to weight gain because they are more chop-chop captivated into the bloodstream than complex carbohydrates (pasta, brown rice, grains, vegetables, raw fruits, etc.) and thus cause a more than pronounced insulin release after meals than complex carbohydrates. This college insulin release, some scientists believe, contributes to weight gain.
4. Overeating. Overeating leads to weight gain, especially if the diet is loftier in fat. Foods high in fat or sugar (for example, fast nutrient, fried food, and sweets) have high energy density (a lot of calories in a small amount of nutrient). Epidemiologic studies have shown that diets loftier in fat contribute to weight proceeds.
5. Frequency of eating. The relationship betwixt frequency of eating (how often you consume) and weight is somewhat controversial. There are many reports of overweight people eating less ofttimes than people with normal weight. Scientists have observed that people who eat modest meals four or 5 times daily, have lower cholesterol levels and lower and/or more than stable blood carbohydrate levels than people who eat less frequently (two or 3 large meals daily). I possible caption is that small frequent meals produce stable insulin levels, whereas large meals crusade large spikes of insulin after meals.
6. Medications. Medications associated with weight gain include sure antidepressants (medications used in treating depression), anticonvulsants (medications used in controlling seizures such as carbamazepine [Tegretol, Tegretol XR, Equetro, Carbatrol] and valproate [Depacon, Depakene]), some diabetes medications (medications used in lowering blood carbohydrate such equally insulin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones), certain hormones such as oral contraceptives, and almost corticosteroids such as prednisone. Some high claret pressure medications and antihistamines cause weight gain. The reason for the weight gain with the medications differs for each medication. If this is a business organisation for y'all, you should discuss your medications with your doc rather than discontinuing the medication, as this could take serious effects.
7. Psychological factors. For some people, emotions influence eating habits. Many people swallow excessively in response to emotions such as boredom, sadness, stress, or anger. While about overweight people have no more psychological disturbances than normal weight people, about 30% of the people who seek treatment for serious weight problems accept difficulties with binge eating.
8. Diseases: Diseases such as hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and Cushing's syndrome are too contributors to obesity. Some diseases, such as Prader-Willi syndrome, tin can lead to obesity.
9. Social issues: In that location is a link between social bug and obesity. Lack of money to purchase healthy foods or lack of safe places to walk or exercise can increase the risk of obesity.

QUESTION

What is metabolism? Run across Answer

What are the wellness risks associated with obesity?

Obesity is not simply a cosmetic consideration; it is harmful to one's health every bit it is a hazard factor for many conditions. In the Us, roughly 112,000 deaths per twelvemonth are straight related to obesity, and most of these deaths are in patients with a BMI over thirty. Patients with a BMI over forty have a reduced life expectancy.

Obesity likewise increases the gamble of developing a number of chronic diseases, including the following:

• Insulin resistance. Insulin is necessary for the transport of blood glucose (sugar) into the cells of muscle and fatty (which the trunk uses for energy). By transporting glucose into cells, insulin keeps the claret glucose levels in the normal range. Insulin resistance (IR) is the status whereby there is diminished effectiveness of insulin in transporting glucose (saccharide) into cells. Fat cells are more than insulin resistant than muscle cells; therefore, one of import cause of insulin resistance is obesity. The pancreas initially responds to insulin resistance by producing more insulin. As long as the pancreas can produce plenty insulin to overcome this resistance, claret glucose levels remain normal. This insulin resistance state (characterized past normal blood glucose levels and loftier insulin levels) tin can last for years. In one case the pancreas can no longer go along upwards with producing high levels of insulin, blood glucose levels begin to rise, resulting in type 2 diabetes, thus insulin resistance is a pre-diabetes condition.
• Type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes. The risk of type two diabetes increases with the degree and duration of obesity. Type 2 diabetes is associated with key obesity; a person with central obesity has backlog fatty around his/her waist (apple-shaped figure).
• High blood pressure level (hypertension). Hypertension is common among obese adults. A Norwegian written report showed that weight gain tended to increase blood pressure in women more significantly than in men.
• High cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia)
• Stroke (cerebrovascular accident or CVA)
• Heart assault. A prospective written report found that the risk of developing coronary artery disease increased iii to four times in women who had a BMI greater than 29. A Finnish study showed that for every 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) increase in body weight, the take a chance of death from coronary artery disease increased by one%. In patients who have already had a eye attack, obesity is associated with an increased likelihood of a second heart assail.
• Congestive eye failure
• Cancer. Obesity is a risk gene for cancer of the colon in men and women, cancer of the rectum and prostate in men, and cancer of the gallbladder and uterus in women. Obesity may as well be associated with breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women. Fat tissue is of import in the product of estrogen, and prolonged exposure to high levels of estrogen increases the risk of breast cancer.
• Gallstones
• Gout and gouty arthritis
• Osteoarthritis (degenerative arthritis) of the knees, hips, and the lower back
• Sleep apnea

What are other factors associated with obesity?

• Ethnicity. Ethnicity may influence the age of onset and the rapidity of weight gain. African-American women and Hispanic women tend to experience weight proceeds earlier in life than Caucasians and Asians, and age-adjusted obesity rates are higher in these groups. Not-Hispanic blackness men and Hispanic men have a higher obesity charge per unit then non-Hispanic white men, but the divergence in prevalence is significantly less than in women.
• Babyhood weight. A person'due south weight during babyhood, teenage years, and early on adulthood may also influence the development of developed obesity. Therefore, decreasing the prevalence of childhood obesity is one of the areas to focus on in the fight against obesity. For case:
  • Being mildly overweight in the early on 20s was linked to a substantial incidence of obesity by age 35;
  • Being overweight during older childhood is highly predictive of adult obesity, especially if a parent is besides obese;
  • Being overweight during the teenage years is even a greater predictor of adult obesity.
• Hormones. Women tend to gain weight especially during certain events such equally pregnancy, menopause, and in some cases, with the apply of oral contraceptives. However, with the availability of the lower-dose estrogen pills, weight proceeds has not been as dandy a risk.

Daily Health News

Trending on MedicineNet

How is torso fat measured?

BMI is a calculated value and approximates the torso's fatty percentage. Actually measuring a person'due south trunk fat percentage is non piece of cake and is often inaccurate without careful monitoring of the methods. The following methods require special equipment, trained personnel, can be costly, and some are simply available in sure research facilities.

• Underwater weighing (hydrostatic weighing): This method weighs a person underwater and so calculates lean torso mass (muscle) and body fatty. This method is one of the well-nigh accurate ones; however, the equipment is costly.
• BOD POD: The BOD POD is a computerized, egg-shaped chamber. Using the same whole-body measurement principle as hydrostatic weighing, the BOD POD measures a discipline's mass and volume, from which their whole-body density is determined. Using this data, body fat and lean musculus mass can then be calculated.
• DEXA: Dual-energy Ten-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measures os density. Information technology uses X-rays to determine not only the percentage of body fat merely likewise where and how much fat is located in the body.

The following methods are simple and straightforward:

• Skin calipers: This method measures the skinfold thickness of the layer of fatty but under the skin in several parts of the body with calipers (a metallic tool similar to forceps); the results are then used to calculate the percentage of torso fat.
• Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA): There are two methods of the BIA. One involves standing on a special calibration with footpads. A harmless amount of electrical electric current is sent through the trunk, and then percentage of body fatty is calculated. The other blazon of BIA involves electrodes that are typically placed on a wrist and an ankle and on the back of the correct mitt and on the top of the foot. The modify in voltage betwixt the electrodes is measured. The person's body fat percentage is then calculated from the results of the BIA. Early on, this method showed variable results. Newer equipment and methods of analysis seem to take improved this method.

Are weight-for-height tables useful to make up one's mind obesity?

Measuring a person's body fatty percentage tin can be difficult, so other methods are often relied upon to diagnose obesity. Two widely used methods are weight-for-height tables and body mass index (BMI). While both measurements accept their limitations, they are reasonable indicators that someone may have a weight problem. The calculations are easy, and no special equipment is required.

Nearly people are familiar with weight-for-height tables. Although such tables have existed for a long fourth dimension, in 1943, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company introduced their tabular array based on policyholders' data to relate weight to disease and mortality. Doctors and nurses (and many others) have used these tables for decades to determine if someone is overweight. The tables commonly have a range of adequate weights for a person of a given superlative.

One problem with using weight-for-elevation tables is that doctors disagree over which is the best table to utilise. Several versions are available. Many have different weight ranges, and some tables account for a person'south frame size, age and sex, while other tables do not.

A significant limitation of all weight-for-top tables is that they do not distinguish betwixt excess fatty and muscle. A very muscular person may be classified equally obese, co-ordinate to the tables, when he or she in fact is not.

SLIDESHOW

Surprising Causes of Weight Proceeds See Slideshow

What is trunk mass index (BMI)?

The body mass index (BMI) is at present the measurement of choice for many physicians and researchers studying obesity.

The BMI uses a mathematical formula that accounts for a person's weight and height.

The BMI measurement, however, poses some of the same problems as the weight-for-top tables. Non everyone agrees on the cutoff points for "healthy" versus "unhealthy" BMI ranges. BMI likewise does not provide information on a person's percentage of body fat. Nonetheless, like the weight-for-top tabular array, BMI is a useful general guideline and a good estimator of body fat for about adults ages nineteen-lxx. Besides, it may not accurately measure torso fat for bodybuilders, sure athletes, and pregnant women.

The BMI equals a person's weight in kilograms divided by superlative in meters squared (BMI = kg/1000²). To summate the BMI using pounds, divide the weight in pounds by the superlative in inches squared and multiply the consequence past 703.

It is of import to understand what "healthy weight" ways. Healthy weight is defined as a body mass alphabetize (BMI) equal to or greater than xix and less than 25 amidst all people 20 years of age or over. By and large, obesity is divers as a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30, which approximates thirty pounds of excess weight.

The Earth Health Organization uses a nomenclature system using the BMI to define overweight and obesity.

• BMI of 25 to 29.9 is defined equally a "pre-obese."
• BMI of 30 to 34.99 is defined as "obese class I."
• BMI of 35 to 39.99 is defined as "obese grade II."
• BMI of or greater than 40.00 is defined equally "obese class 3."

The tabular array beneath has already done the math and metric conversions. To use the tabular array, find the advisable height in the left-hand column. Move across the row to the given weight. The number at the height of the column is the BMI for that acme and weight.

BMI (kg/m2)	xix	twenty	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	thirty	35	forty
Height (in.)	Weight (lb.)
58	91	96	100	105	110	115	119	124	129	134	138	143	167	191
59	94	99	104	109	114	119	124	128	133	138	143	148	173	198
sixty	97	102	107	112	118	123	128	133	138	143	148	153	179	204
61	100	106	111	116	122	127	132	137	143	148	153	158	185	211
62	104	109	115	120	126	131	136	142	147	153	158	164	191	218
63	107	113	118	124	130	135	141	146	152	158	163	169	197	225
64	110	116	122	128	134	140	145	151	157	163	169	174	204	232
65	114	120	126	132	138	144	150	156	162	168	174	180	210	240
66	118	124	130	136	142	148	155	161	167	173	179	186	216	247
67	121	127	134	140	146	153	159	166	172	178	185	191	223	255
68	125	131	138	144	151	158	164	171	177	184	190	197	230	262
69	128	135	142	149	155	162	169	176	182	189	196	203	236	270
70	132	139	146	153	160	167	174	181	188	195	202	207	243	278
71	136	143	150	157	165	172	179	186	193	200	208	215	250	286
72	140	147	154	162	169	177	184	191	199	206	213	221	258	294
73	144	151	159	166	174	182	189	197	204	212	219	227	265	302
74	148	155	163	171	179	186	194	202	210	218	225	233	272	311
75	152	160	168	176	184	192	200	208	216	224	232	240	279	319
76	156	164	172	180	189	197	205	213	221	230	238	246	287	328

BMI to Appropriate Weight and Tiptop Chart Courtesy of the National Institutes of Health

Below is a table identifying the risk of associated disease according to BMI and waist size.

Illness Risk* Relative to Normal Weight and Waist Circumference

	BMI (kg/m2)	Obesity Grade	Men 102cm (40 in) or less Women 88cm (35 in) or less	Men > 102cm (forty in) Women > 88cm (35 in)
Underweight	< 18.5
Normal weight	18.5 - 24.ix
Overweight	25.0 - 29.9		Increased	High
Obesity	30.0 - 34.nine	I	High	Very High
Obesity	35.0 - 39.9	II	Very High	Very High
Extreme Obesity	40.0 +	Three	Extremely High	Extremely High

* Affliction risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and CVD.

+ Increased waist circumference tin can also be a marker for increased gamble even in persons of normal weight.

Tabular array Courtesy of the National Institutes of Wellness

Subscribe to MedicineNet's Weight Loss/Healthy Living Newsletter

By clicking "Submit," I agree to the MedicineNet Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy. I besides agree to receive emails from MedicineNet and I understand that I may opt out of MedicineNet subscriptions at any time.

Does it matter where body fat is located? (Is it worse to exist an "apple" or a"pear"?)

The business organisation is directed not only at how much fat a person has but also where that fat is located on the body. The blueprint of body fat distribution tends to differ in men and women.

In full general, women collect fat in their hips and buttocks, giving their figures a "pear" shape. Men, on the other mitt, usually collect fatty around the belly, giving them more of an "apple" shape. (This is not a hard and fast rule; some men are pear-shaped and some women go apple-shaped, particularly afterward menopause.)

Apple-shaped people whose fat is full-bodied more often than not in the abdomen are more than probable to develop many of the wellness problems associated with obesity. They are at increased health risk because of their fat distribution. While obesity of any kind is a health run a risk, it is meliorate to be a pear than an apple.

In order to sort the types of body fat storage, doctors have adult a simple manner to determine whether someone is an apple or a pear. The measurement is called waist-to-hip ratio. To find out a person's waist-to-hip ratio:

• Measure out the waist at its narrowest point, so measure out the hips at the widest bespeak;
• Dissever the waist measurement by the hip measurement. For instance, a adult female with a 35-inch waist and 46-inch hips would have a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.76 (35 divided past 46 = 0.76).

Women with waist-to-hip ratios of more than 0.8 and men with waist-to-hip ratios of more than 1.0 are "apples."

Another rough style of estimating the amount of a person's abdominal fat is by measuring the waist circumference. Men with a waist circumference of 40 inches or greater and women with a waist circumference of 35 inches or greater are considered to have increased health risks related to obesity.

What can be done nearly obesity?

All too often, obesity prompts people to follow a strenuous diet in the hopes of reaching the "platonic body weight." Some amount of weight loss may be achieved, merely the weight normally quickly returns. Near people who lose weight regain the weight within v years. It is clear that a more than effective, long-lasting treatment for obesity must be plant.

We need to learn more most the causes of obesity, and then we need to change the ways we treat it. When obesity is accepted as a chronic disease, it will be treated like other chronic diseases such equally diabetes and high blood pressure. The treatment of obesity cannot exist a short-term "fix" but has to be an ongoing lifelong procedure.

Obesity treatment must acknowledge that even small weight loss tin exist beneficial. For case, a modest weight loss of 5%-ten% of the initial weight, and long-term maintenance of that weight loss can bring significant health gains, including:

• lowered blood pressure;
• reduced blood levels of cholesterol;
• reduced take chances of type 2 (developed-onset) diabetes (In the Nurses Health Study, women who lost 5 kilograms [11 pounds] of weight reduced their risk of diabetes by 50% or more than.);
• decreased take chances of stroke;
• decreased complications of centre disease;
• decreased overall mortality.

It is not necessary to attain an "ideal weight" to derive wellness benefits from obesity treatment. Instead, the goal of handling should be to reach and maintain a "healthier weight." The emphasis of treatment should be to commit to the process of lifelong healthy living, including eating more wisely and increasing physical activity.

What is the role of concrete activity and exercise in obesity?

The National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES I) shows that people who engage in limited recreational activity were more probable to gain weight than more active people. Other studies have shown that people who engage in regular strenuous activity gain less weight than sedentary people.

Concrete action and exercise help fire calories. The corporeality of calories burned depends on the type, duration, and intensity of the activity. It also depends on the weight of the person. A 200-pound person will fire more calories running 1 mile than a 120-pound person because the work of carrying those extra 80 pounds must be factored in.

Simply exercise every bit a treatment for obesity is well-nigh constructive when combined with a diet and weight-loss program. Do alone without dietary changes will accept a limited effect on weight because ane has to practise a lot to only lose 1 pound. Still regular exercise is an of import part of a healthy lifestyle to maintain a healthy weight for the long term. Another reward of regular do as part of a weight-loss programme is a greater loss of torso fat versus lean muscle compared to those who nutrition alone.

Other benefits of exercise

• improved claret sugar control and increased insulin sensitivity (decreased insulin resistance),
• reduced triglyceride levels and increased "expert" HDL cholesterol levels,
• lowered blood pressure,
• a reduction in abdominal fatty,
• reduced risk of center disease,
• release of endorphins that make people feel skillful.

Remember, these health benefits can occur independently (with or without) achieving weight loss. Before starting an exercise plan, talk to a doc about the type and intensity of the exercise program.

Full general practice recommendations

• Perform twenty-xxx minutes of moderate exercise five to seven days a calendar week, preferably daily. Types of exercise include stationary bicycling, walking or jogging on a treadmill, stair climbing machines, jogging, and swimming.
• Exercise can exist broken up into smaller 10-minute sessions.
• Beginning slowly and progress gradually to avoid injury, excessive soreness, or fatigue. Over time, build up to 30-60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise every day.
• People are never too one-time to start exercising. Fifty-fifty fragile, elderly individuals (70-90 years of historic period) tin can ameliorate their strength and balance.

Exercise precautions

The following people should consult a doctor before vigorous exercise:

• Men over age 40 or women over historic period 50
• Individuals with middle or lung illness, asthma, arthritis, or osteoporosis
• Individuals who experience chest pressure level or pain with exertion, or who develop fatigue or shortness of jiff easily
• Individuals with atmospheric condition or lifestyle factors that increase their risk of developing coronary middle diseases, such equally high blood pressure, diabetes, cigarette smoking, high blood cholesterol, or having family members with early-onset heart attacks and coronary heart affliction
• Individuals who are obese

What is the role of diet in the handling of obesity?

• Readers Comments xvi
• Share Your Story

The get-go goal of dieting is to stop further weight gain. The next goal is to establish realistic weight-loss goals. While the ideal weight corresponds to a BMI of 20-25, this is difficult to achieve for many people. Thus, success is higher when a goal is set up to lose 10%-15% of baseline weight equally opposed to twenty%-thirty% or greater. It is also important to think that any weight reduction in an obese person would upshot in health benefits.

Ane constructive fashion to lose weight is to eat fewer calories. One pound is equal to 3,500 calories. In other words, you have to fire iii,500 more than calories than you consume in order to lose 1 pound. Virtually adults need betwixt one,200-two,800 calories per mean solar day, depending on body size and activity level to encounter the torso's free energy needs.

Losing 1 pound per week is a rubber and reasonable way to take off extra pounds. The higher the initial weight of a person, the more chop-chop he or she volition achieve weight loss. This is because for every i kilogram (2.2 pounds) of trunk weight, approximately 22 calories are required to maintain that weight. So for a woman weighing 100 kilograms (220 pounds), he or she would crave about 2,200 calories a day to maintain his or her weight, while a person weighing 60 kilograms (132 pounds) would require just about one,320 calories. If both ate a calorie-restricted diet of 1,200 calories per twenty-four hours, the heavier person would lose weight faster.

Age besides is a cistron in calorie expenditure. Metabolic charge per unit tends to dull every bit we age, so the older a person is, the harder it is to lose weight.

There is controversy in regard to carbohydrates (low-carb diet) and weight loss. When carbohydrates are restricted, people often experience rapid initial weight loss within the first 2 weeks. This weight loss is due mainly to fluid loss. When carbohydrates are added back to the diet, weight proceeds often occurs, simply due to a regain of the fluid.

Other diets such as low-fat diets all show a similar pattern of weight loss that is difficult to maintain if in that location are not additional general lifestyle changes.

Full general diet guidelines for achieving and (just as chiefly) maintaining a good for you weight

• A condom and effective long-term weight reduction and maintenance nutrition has to contain balanced, nutritious foods to avoid vitamin deficiencies and other diseases of malnutrition.
• Consume more nutritious foods that take "low free energy density." Low energy dense foods contain relatively few calories per unit weight (fewer calories in a large amount of food). Examples of low free energy dumbo foods include vegetables, fruits, lean meat, fish, grains, and beans. For example, you can eat a large volume of celery or carrots without taking in many calories.
• Eat less "free energy dense foods." Energy dense foods are loftier in fats and uncomplicated sugars. They generally have a high calorie value in a pocket-sized amount of food. The U.s.a. authorities currently recommends that a healthy nutrition should take less than 30% fat. Fat contains twice as many calories per unit of measurement weight than protein or carbohydrates. Examples of high-energy dense foods include blood-red meat, egg yolks, fried foods, loftier fat/sugar fast foods, sweets, pastries, butter, and high-fat salad dressings. Also cut down on foods that provide calories but very footling nutrition, such equally alcohol, non-diet soft drinks, and many packaged high-calorie snack foods.
• About 55% of calories in the diet should be from circuitous carbohydrates. Eat more complex carbohydrates such as brown rice, whole-grain bread, fruits, and vegetables. Avert uncomplicated carbohydrates such equally table sugars, sweets, doughnuts, cakes, and muffins. Cut downwardly on not-diet soft drinks, these sugary soft drinks are loaded with uncomplicated carbohydrates and calories. Uncomplicated carbohydrates cause excessive insulin release by the pancreas, and insulin promotes growth of fat tissue.
• Educate yourself in reading food labels and estimating calories and serving sizes.
• Consult a physician before starting any dietary changes. You doctor or a nutritionist should prescribe the amount of daily calories in your nutrition.

What is the role of medication in the treatment of obesity?

Medication treatment of obesity should be used just in patients who take health risks related to obesity. Medications should be used in patients with a BMI greater than 30 or in those with a BMI of greater than 27 who take other medical weather condition (such every bit high blood pressure, diabetes, high blood cholesterol) that put them at risk for developing heart affliction. Medications should not be used for cosmetic reasons.

Medications should but be used as an adjunct to diet modifications and an practise program.

Similar nutrition and exercise, the goal of medication treatment has to be realistic. With successful medication treatment, one can expect an initial weight loss of at least five pounds during the starting time month of treatment, and a total weight loss of 10%-15% of the initial body weight. Information technology is likewise important to recall that these medications only work when they are taken. When they are discontinued, weight proceeds oftentimes occurs.

The first class (category) of medication used for weight control crusade symptoms that mimic the sympathetic nervous organisation. They cause the body to experience "under stress" or "nervous." As a result, the major side effect of this class of medication is loftier blood pressure. This form of medication includes sibutramine (Meridia, which was taken off the market in the U.South. in October 2010 due to safety concerns) and phentermine (Adipex P). These medications also decrease appetite and create a awareness of fullness. Hunger and fullness (satiety) are regulated by brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. Examples of neurotransmitters include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Anti-obesity medications that suppress appetite practice so by increasing the level of these neurotransmitters at the junction (called synapse) between nerve endings in the brain.

Phentermine

Phentermine (Fastin, Adipex P) -- the other one-half of fen/phen -- suppresses appetite by causing a release of norepinephrine in the trunk. Phentermine lonely is still bachelor for treatment of obesity merely merely on a short-term basis (a few weeks). The common side effects of phentermine include headache, insomnia, irritability, and nervousness. Fenfluramine (the fen of fen/phen) and dexfenfluramine (Redux) suppress ambition mainly by increasing release of serotonin by the cells. Both fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine were withdrawn from the marketplace in September 1997 because of association of these ii medications with pulmonary hypertension (a rare but serious disease of the arteries in the lungs) and association of fen/phen with damage to the middle valves. Since the withdrawal of fenfluramine, some have suggested combining phentermine with fluoxetine (Prozac), a combination that has been referred to as phen/pro. However, no clinical trials have been conducted to ostend the safety and effectiveness of this combination. Therefore, this combination is non an accepted handling for obesity.

Orlistat (Xenical, alli)

The next class (category) of drugs changes the metabolism of fat. Orlistat (Xenical, alli) is the simply drug of this category that is U.S. FDA approved. This is a class of anti-obesity drugs chosen lipase inhibitors, or fat blockers. Fat from food can only be absorbed into the body later beingness broken up (a process chosen digestion) by digestive enzymes called lipases in the intestines. By inhibiting the activity of lipase enzymes, orlistat prevents the intestinal absorption of fatty by thirty%. Drugs in this class do not affect encephalon chemistry. Theoretically, orlistat also should take minimal or no systemic side furnishings (side effects in other parts of the body) because the major locale of action is inside the gut lumen and very piddling of the drug is absorbed.

The U.Due south. Food and Drug Administration approved orlistat capsules, branded as alli, as an over-the-counter (OTC) treatment for overweight adults in February 2007. The drug had previously been approved in 1999 as a prescription weight loss aid, whose brand name is Xenical. The OTC preparation has a lower dosage than prescription Xenical.

Orlistat is recommended only for people 18 years of age and over in combination with a diet and practice regimen. People who have difficulties with the absorption of food or who are not overweight should not take orlistat. Overweight is defined by the U.S. National Institutes of Wellness equally having a body mass index (BMI) of 27 or greater.

Orlistat tin exist taken up to three times a day, with each fatty-containing repast. The drug may be taken during the repast or up to 1 hr after the repast. If the meal is missed or is very depression in fat content, the medications should not be taken.

The most common side effects of orlistat are changes in bowel habits. These include gas, the urgent need to have a bowel movement, oily bowel movements, oily discharge or spotting with bowel movements, an increased frequency of bowel movements, and the inability to control bowel movements. Women may besides notice irregularities in the menstrual cycle while taking orlistat. Side effects are most common in the first few weeks after commencement to take orlistat. In some people, the side effects persist for as long equally they are taking the drug.

People with diabetes, thyroid conditions, who have received an organ transplant, or who are taking prescription medications that affect blood clotting should check with their doctor earlier using OTC orlistat (alli), since drug interactions with certain medications are possible.

A long-term decrease in fatty absorption tin cause deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, Chiliad). Therefore, patients on orlistat should receive adequate vitamin supplementation.

Lorcaserin (Belviq)

In June 2012, the FDA approved Belviq (lorcaserin hydrochloride) every bit a weight-loss medication. The medication works by controlling appetite (via serotonin activation). According to the FDA information, virtually half the patients using the medication lost at least 5% of their starting weight, which is more than double that lost by patients in the control group. This was merely truthful for patients without type two diabetes.

The medication is approved for patients who are obese (BMI >xxx) or overweight (BMQ >27) with one weight-related wellness result. The predominant side furnishings were headache and dizziness, as well as fatigue. In patients with diabetes, low blood saccharide was too a business when taking Belviq.

Topiramate (Qsymia)

Qsymia is the newest medication canonical for weight loss. It is a combination of phentermine and extended-release topiramate. As with the other medications, information technology is only approved for patients who are obese (BMI >xxx) or overweight (BMQ >27) with one weight-related health issue. According to the FDA information, a statistically significant greater proportion of the patients taking Qsymia accomplished v% and 10% weight loss. All patients in the written report were also encouraged to eat a well-counterbalanced, reduced-calorie diet.

Information technology is important to note that Qsymia can lead to nascence defects, and information technology is important for women to know that they are not pregnant before starting the medication. Other possible serious side effects include increased centre charge per unit, heart bug (glaucoma), and suicidal thoughts. In patients with diabetes, low claret carbohydrate was also a concern when taking Qsymia.

Naltrexone (Contrave)

This is a combination drug of naltrexone (an opioid antagonist) and bupropion HCL (an antidepressant medication that is an inhibitor of the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine). The chief side effects observed with this medication are nausea, constipation, and headaches. The medication is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension or a history of seizures.

The medication is approved every bit an adjunct to dietary changes and increased physical activeness in adults with an initial BMI of 30 or greater or 27 or greater with at least i comorbidity.

Liraglutide (Saxenda)

Saxenda was approved in late 2014 as a weight-loss drug in combination with physical action and nutrition modifications. It is a in one case-a-day injection (not a pill) that mimics a hormone related to digestion and appetite control (GLP-1) that is used in the direction of type two diabetes. It activates areas of the encephalon involved in appetite regulation.

Saxenda has been linked to thyroid tumors in rats and mice every bit well equally pancreatitis in humans.

The medication is approved every bit an adjunct to dietary changes and increased physical action in adults with an initial BMI of 30 or greater or 27 or greater with at to the lowest degree one comorbidity.

What is the role of weight loss surgery in the treatment of obesity?

• Share Your Story

The National Institute of Health consensus has suggested the post-obit guidelines for weight loss surgery in obese patients:

• Patients with a BMI of greater than 40 (morbid obesity)
• Patients with a BMI of greater than 35 who have serious medical problems such as slumber apnea that would improve with weight loss

A study done in Sweden compared the rates of diabetes and hypertension in two groups of obese patients: those who underwent surgery and those who didn't. Each group had similar trunk weight at baseline (the start of the study). At two years, diabetes and high blood pressure were lower in the patients treated with surgery.

Surgical procedures of the upper gastrointestinal tract are collectively called bariatric surgery. The initial surgeries performed were the jejunocolic bypass and the jejunoileal bypass (where the pocket-size bowel is diverted to the large bowel, bypassing a lot of the surface area where food would have been absorbed). These procedures were fraught with issues and are no longer performed. Currently, procedures used include making the breadbasket area smaller or bypassing the stomach completely.

Currently, there are basically two types of bariatric surgery:

• Restrictive surgeries: These surgeries restrict the size of the stomach and slow downwardly digestion.
• Malabsorptive/restrictive surgeries: These surgeries restrict the size of the stomach just likewise bypass or remove part of your digestive system to decrease absorption of food/calories.

In cases of making the tummy smaller, vertically banded gastroplasty is the well-nigh mutual process, where the esophagus is banded early in the stomach. The other procedure is gastric banding, where an inflatable pouch causes gastric constriction. Changing the volume in the band that encircles the stomach can change the corporeality of constriction. Gastric bypass substantially causes weight loss by bypassing the breadbasket.

The virtually common malabsorptive surgery is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, in which the stomach is stapled to create a pocket-sized pouch, and and then part of the intestine is attached to this pouch to decrease food absorption.

The surgical treatment of obesity and the surgical procedures are evolving constantly and frequently are done by laparoscopic methods (using tiny incisions and a camera to conduct out the surgery). Although these procedures are becoming more routine, the mortality rate for these procedures is still between 0.five%-two% with a meaning incidence of complications.

The risks of surgery include the usual complications of infection, claret clots in the lower extremities (deep vein thrombosis) and in the lungs (pulmonary embolism), and anesthesia risk. Specific long-term risks related to obesity surgery include lack of iron absorption and atomic number 26 deficiency anemia. Vitamin B12 deficiency can also develop and could lead to nerve damage (neuropathies). Rapid weight loss may too exist associated with gallstones. Bariatric surgery should exist performed at a center with a whole weight-loss program in place that includes dieticians and therapists and follow-upwardly intendance.

Are meal substitutes, artificial sweeteners, and over-the-counter (OTC) products effective in treating obesity?

Meal substitutes

When used equally substitutes for regular meals, meal substitutes are a convenient way to reduce calories every bit part of a low-calorie nutrition plan. A typical meal substitute bachelor in pulverization and liquid form is Slim-Fast. Ensure is another meal substitute bachelor in both liquid and confined. Repast substitutes should provide protein and exist depression in fat and calories. The label should include the amount of calories per serving and the percentages of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. The total number of calories per serving is predetermined so it is easier to keep rail of the daily consumption of calories. As with all dramatic changes in your diet, yous should consult your health care provider to make sure that these changes will non have negative consequences.

Artificial sweeteners

Saccharin (Sweet'Due north Low) and aspartame (Equal) are sugar substitutes that provide little or no calories. They may exist used as a substitute for table saccharide. Using saccharin instead of a teaspoonful of saccharide eliminates 33 calories from the diet. People with phenylketonuria (a serious genetic illness in which an individual is unable to intermission down and eliminate an amino acid, phenylalanine) should not use aspartame considering it contains phenylalanine.

Fructose, sorbitol, and xylitol may be used equally alternatives to carbohydrate, merely they provide more than calories than saccharin and aspartame. Excessive use of sorbitol also may cause diarrhea.

OTC weight-loss products

Despite claims by manufacturers, the use of OTC products solitary does not cause weight loss. Herbal weight-loss products or preparations called "fatty burners" are fifty-fifty more misleading. These products may contain a combination of ma huang (a botanical source of ephedrine), white willow (a source of salicin), Hoodia gordonii, and/or guarana or kola nut (a source of caffeine). These agents are stimulants, which theoretically increase the metabolism and assistance the body break downward fat. Nevertheless, there is no bear witness that they are effective for weight loss. In addition, ma huang has been linked to serious side effects such as middle attacks, seizures, and death. Chromium likewise is a popular ingredient in weight-loss products, but there is no evidence that chromium has any effect on weight loss.

Weight-loss teas comprise potent botanical laxatives (Senna, cascara sagrada) and diuretics (Rhamnus purshiana) that crusade diarrhea and loss of h2o from the body. Diarrhea and water loss lead to the depletion of sodium and potassium and can lead to dehydration. Although an individual's weight may decrease, the loss is due to a decrease in fluid and is but temporary. Moreover, low sodium and potassium levels may cause abnormal heart rhythms and tin can even lead to decease.

Guar gum preparations take also been promoted as a weight-loss agent. Guar gum is thought to work by leading to a feeling of fullness early in the repast. It has non been scientifically proven and has been associated with abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea.

All of the OTC products discussed higher up are not considered drugs and are therefore not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. Equally a event, at that place is little information on their effectiveness or rubber. You lot should discuss any OTC weight loss products you lot are planning on taking or are taking with a health care professional.

It cannot be overemphasized that a successful plan needs to exist built on dietary and lifestyle changes.

Is there an herbal fen/phen training?

Since the withdrawal of fen/phen from the marketplace, "herbal fen/phen" has been proposed as an alternative in treating obesity. But the FDA has issued a warning that "herbal fen/phen" has non been shown to be a safety and effective treatment for obesity and may comprise ingredients that have been associated with injuries.

The main ingredients in most herbal fen/phen products are ephedrine and St. John'south wort. Ephedrine acts like amphetamines in stimulating the cardinal nervous system and the eye. Ephedrine promotes weight loss in part past an increase in the body's temperature, and when this happens, the body burns more than calories. Ephedrine use has been associated with high claret pressure, heart rhythm irregularities, strokes, insomnia, seizures tremors, and nervousness. There have been reports of deaths in young individuals taking ephedrine.

How can people choose a condom and successful weight-loss program?

Scientists have made tremendous strides in understanding obesity and in improving the medication handling of this important disease. In time, better, safer, and more effective obesity medications volition be available. Just currently, at that place is still no magic cure for obesity.

The best and safest fashion to lose fat and proceed it off is through a commitment to a lifelong process of proper nutrition and regular exercise. Medications should be considered helpful adjuncts to diet and do for patients whose health risks from obesity conspicuously outweigh the potential side effects of the medications. Medications should be prescribed by doctors familiar with the patients' conditions and with the employ of the medications. Medication(s) and other "herbal" preparations with unproven effectiveness and safety should be avoided.

Almost any of the commercial weight-loss programs can piece of work but simply if they motivate y'all sufficiently to decrease the number of calories you lot consume or increase the number of calories you burn each day (or both). What elements of a weight-loss programme should a consumer look for in judging its potential for safety and successful weight loss? A responsible and prophylactic weight-loss program should be able to certificate for you the five following features:

1. The diet should be rubber. It should include all of the recommended daily allowances (RDAs) for vitamins, minerals, and protein. The weight-loss diet should be low in calories (energy) simply, non in essential foodstuffs.
2. The weight-loss plan should be directed toward a slow, steady weight loss unless your doctor feels your health condition would benefit from more than rapid weight loss. Wait to lose simply virtually a pound a week after the first week or two. With many calorie-restricted diets, at that place is an initial rapid weight loss during the outset one to two weeks, but this loss is largely fluid.
3. If you plan to lose more than than 15 to 20 pounds, have whatsoever wellness problems, or take medication on a regular basis, you should be evaluated by your dr. before beginning your weight-loss program. A md tin assess your general health and any medical conditions that might be afflicted by dieting and weight loss. As well, a doc should exist able to advise y'all on the demand for weight loss, the appropriateness of the weight-loss plan, and a sensible goal of weight loss for you. If you plan to utilize a very low-calorie diet (a special liquid formula diet that replaces all food intake for i to iv months), you should do and so under the close supervision of a health care professional person.
4. Your program should include plans for weight maintenance afterwards the weight-loss phase is over. It is of footling do good to lose a large corporeality of weight only to regain it. Weight maintenance is the most hard office of controlling weight and is non consistently implemented in weight-loss programs. The plan y'all select should include help in permanently changing your dietary habits and level of physical activity, and to modify a lifestyle that may take contributed to weight gain in the by. Your plan should provide beliefs modification help, including education in healthy eating habits and long-term plans to deal with weight problems. One of the most important factors in maintaining weight loss appears to exist increasing daily concrete activity. Try to be more active throughout the solar day and contain some unproblematic calorie-burners into your everyday routine. Even the nearly basic activities (such as taking an after-dinner walk, using the stairs at the mall or office instead of taking an escalator or elevator, park your car farther abroad so you have a longer walk) tin get you prepared for more regular exercise like walking or jogging. You may choose to contain an individually tailored exercise programme into your schedule.
5. A commercial weight-loss program should provide a detailed statement of fees and costs of boosted items such as dietary supplements.

Obesity is a chronic status. As well ofttimes information technology is viewed every bit a temporary trouble that tin can exist treated for a few months with a strenuous diet. Even so, as most overweight people know, weight control must be considered a lifelong attempt. To exist safe and effective, any weight-loss program must address the long-term approach, or else the program is largely a waste of fourth dimension, money, and free energy.

Decision

Maintaining your ideal body weight is a balancing human action between food consumption and calories needed by the body for energy. You are what you consume. The kinds and amounts of food you eat affect your power to maintain your ideal weight and to lose weight.

Medical science has established that eating proper foods can influence health for all historic period groups. The U.S. Section of Agriculture'southward current dietary guidelines state the following:

• Eat a multifariousness of foods.
• Balance the food you swallow with physical activity—maintain or improve your weight.
• Choose a nutrition with plenty of grain products, vegetables, and fruits.
• Cull a diet depression in fatty, saturated fatty, and cholesterol.
• Cull a diet moderate in sugars.
• Choose a nutrition moderate in salt and sodium.
• If y'all beverage alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation.

Medically Reviewed on ii/eighteen/2022

References

Droyvold, W.B., et al. "Weight change and mortality: the Nord-Trondelag Health Study." Journal of Internal Medicine 257.4: 338-345.

Life Measurements, Inc. (world wide web.bodpod.com)

Manson, J.Due east., et al. "A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women." N Engl J Med. 322.xiii March 29, 1990: 882-9.

Sjöström, Lars, et al. "Lifestyle, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Chance Factors 10 Years afterward Bariatric Surgery." New England Journal of Medicine 351 December. 23, 2004: 2683-2693.

Switzerland. Globe Wellness Organization. "Global Database on Body Mass Alphabetize."

United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Eye for Health Statistics. "National Wellness and Nutrition Examination Survey." July 17, 2019. <http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm>.

United states of america. Food and Nutrition Service. U.South. Department of Agronomics. "Dietary Guidelines for Americans." <https://www.fns.usda.gov/cnpp/dietary-guidelines-americans>.

United States. National Institutes of Health. "Bioelectric Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement." <https://consensus.nih.gov/1994/1994bioelectricimpedancebodyta015pdf.pdf>.

Source: https://www.medicinenet.com/obesity_weight_loss/article.htm

Posted by: islerforbeartne1979.blogspot.com

Share this post